Giselle Pinochet, William Duarte, Juan Pablo Mariño, Diego Báez. By identifying the growing interest in using network science to evaluate complex phenomena typical of tourism activity, this paper aims to describe the main usage characteristics of network science in tourism. A sample of 139 studies was obtained from databases. Subsequently, the research interests were classified into six large groups, each characterized by a focus. The results show how network science can be used to concretely identify the meaning of nodes and links, and the measures used to do  so.  Each  of  the  study  categories  was  found  to  have  different  practical  implications  for  touristic activity  research.  Finally,  the  research  status  strengths  were  identified,  and  future  research perspectives were proposed.

Sergio Barona-Montoya, Diego Baez, José Mosquera-Angulo, Daniela Valdés. Economic access to sufficient and nutritious food is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for food security. We present FoodpriceR, an R package for assessing the affordability of three least-cost diets: the Cost of Caloric Adequacy (CoCA), the Cost of Nutrient Adequacy (CoNA), and the Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD), which adheres to national FBDGs. Using linear programming, the package identifies limiting nutrients and computes shadow price elasticities, providing policy-relevant evidence. By comparing representative household diet costs with observed food expenditures, FoodpriceR identifies households unable to afford each diet and the affordability gap across income levels. The package contributes locally by providing preprocessed data to facilitate affordability analyses for urban households in Colombia, and globally by remaining adaptable to diverse case studies, offering a flexible, accessible, and reproducible framework in R to assess the affordability of least-cost diets.

Lina Marcela Padilla‐Delgado, Marysol Castillo‐Palacio, Alexander Zuñiga‐Collazos. The purpose of this article is to examine the conceptualisation and evolution of birdwatching as an activity of nature tourism, drawing upon existing literature. A bibliometric analysis was conducted. The Scopus database was used, resulting in the selection of 47 relevant studies. This study identifies the key components (factors, drivers, and future research) necessary for fostering development of birdwatching as a sustainable strategy. The present study initiated with the existing literature on Nature‐based tourism as defined by the UNWTO (World Tourism Organization) classification, starting with the theoretical proposals. The analysis focused on renowned journals on the topic, according to the Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR), from 2020 to 2023. The findings show that studies on Nature‐based tourism and birdwatching published in the last four years are mainly related to conservation, ecotourism and ecosystems. The results of the present research show varied information with respect to approaches towards birdwatching, the opportunities and the challenges

Víctor H. Valencia-Giraldo, Marysol Castillo-Palacio, Pablo C. Gómez-López, Andrés A. Navarro-Newball, David S. Baldeón-Padilla. The literature of Andrés Caicedo Estela (Cali, 1951-1977) continues to find readers since its rediscovery in the 1980s. It addresses the results of an I+C project that involved the design, prototyping and creation of an application (APP) that allows to travel through the city that inspired his works, making use of immersive and interactive narratives to generate immersive virtual experiences through augmented reality, overlapping planes and post-screen exploration (Cizek, 2016), among those interested in the work or the author, guiding them through tours of Cali, known as the ‘Sucursal del Cie-lo’ (Heaven’s Branch). According to the results, it is important to create similar experiences with other creators or storytellers, enriching the tourist and cultural offer of the city

Isabel Arregocés-Julio, Andrés Solano-Barliza, Aida Valls, Antonio Moreno, Marysol Castillo-Palacio, Melisa Acosta-Coll, José Escorcia-Gutierrez. Recommendation systems applied to tourism are widely recognized for improving the visitor’s experience in tourist destinations, thanks to their ability to personalize the trip. This paper presents a hybrid approach that combines Machine Learning techniques with the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) aggregation operator to achieve greater accuracy in user segmentation and generate personalized recommendations. The data were collected through a questionnaire applied to tourists in the different points of interest of the Special, Tourist and Cultural District of Riohacha. In the first stage, the K-means algorithm defines the segmentation of tourists based on their socio-demographic data and travel preferences. The second stage uses the OWA operator with a disjunctive policy to assign the most relevant cluster given the input data. This hybrid approach provides a recommendation mechanism for tourist destinations and their cultural heritage.

Diana Escandon-Barbosa, Jairo Salas-Paramo, María Patricia López-Ramírez, Alexandra Pava-Cárdenas. This research investigates consumer behavior when selecting snacks and beverages from vending machines in educational settings. The study aims to discern the impact of age on decision-making processes, perceptions, and memory factors related to product choices. Three experiments involved eye-tracking technology to monitor visual attention and a questionnaire to gather additional insights. The experiments analyzed the number of fixations, perceptions, overall product impressions, and memory influence. The sample comprised 90 adults aged 18 to 65 from the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali. This sample includes a population distribution of 60% women and 40% men. Additionally, the socioeconomic distribution across economic levels was reported as follows: 40% falling within levels 1, 2, and 3, and 10% within levels 4, 5, and 6. The experiments revealed age-related differences in consumer behavior. Older individuals placed greater emphasis on healthier beverages, whereas young-adult individuals favored healthier snacks. Perception differences existed between age groups for beverages and snacks. Young-adult participants exhibited stronger positive perceptions of somewhat healthy options. Memory influenced choices, with young-adult participants relying more on memory cues. The findings provide valuable insights for tailoring marketing strategies and enhancing public policy initiatives to promote healthier vending machine choices.